Phototime nc aquarium8/1/2023 ![]() Seahorses under different starvation–refeeding treatments all had 100% survival up to day 5 of experiments. Survival amongst continuously starved animals decreased from 6.6 ± 0.5 to 0% from days 9 to 10 of starvation. Resistance to starvation and the effect of food re‐introduction after 1, 2, 4 and 6 days of starvation on survival and metabolite concentrations (total proteins, total lipids, acylglycerides, cholesterol, glucose) were also determined. Maximum starvation time (MST) was estimated through the survival of juveniles continuously starved from birth. erectus (<10 days) to optimize rearing protocols, thereby helping to reduce wildlife exploitation. This study assessed the effect of starvation on survival and nutritional status of newborn juveniles H. This work represents not only an exhaustive and updated bibliographical source but also a starting point for all those who want to contribute to the development of this fascinating research field. Finally, the last part of this work highlights the concerns toward the establishment of sustainable collection, production, and trading practices for marine ornamentals as well as the urgent need to develop reliable traceability protocols to distinguish sustainably caught and/or cultured specimens from wild ones. ![]() In addition, with the increase in popularity of ornamental invertebrates in reef aquariums, details on the culturing techniques of some of the most traded invertebrate groups (e.g., live rocks, corals, anemones, polychaetes, mollusks, decapod crustaceans and echinoderms) are also discussed. Details on spawning, embryo development, larval rearing, plankton culturing, and tank design are presented. The main breakthroughs in marine ornamental fish culture are discussed, with seahorses deserving a section of their own as a result of their conservation status and unique biology. This work addresses the most relevant advances in the breeding and rearing of marine ornamental species. reidi during the pelagic phase and the beginning of the transition process to the benthic phase. The objective of this study was to verify the best stocking density for H. After settlement, extensive low-cost growth of this species has been achieved at very low stocking densities (0.04 ind./L) in net cages (Fonseca et al., 2015). In Brazil, stocking density of Hippocampus reidi in commercial aquaculture varies with age and is habitually lowered from 6 to 0.6 individual/L between the pelagic and benthic phases. reidi leaves the pelagic phase to take benthic habits (Hora and Joyeux, 2009), attaching to some holdfast with its prehensile tail. At 15 –30, exceptionally 10, days of age, H. Juvenile seahorses are commonly stocked at low densities in aquarium (1 –2 juvenile/L) (Planas et al., 2017). Higher densities can also lead to potentially stressful social interactions, which usually raise mortality rates (Iguchi et al., 2003 Tapia-Paniagua et al., 2014). Usually, there is an inverse relationship between tocking density and growth rate (Holm et al., 1990 Lambert and Dutil, 2001 El-Sayed, 2002). A trend in increasingly intensive fish farming systems has been observed that seeks to minimize production costs and maximize productivity without substantial growth reduction or mortality rise (Björnsson, 1994 El-Sayed, 2002).
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